Part II

Chapter 3
The Technology of Galaxy Evolution

The universe consists of clusters. The primary and visible clusters of matter evolution in the universe are stars and galaxies. Stars are clusters of galaxies; galaxies are clusters of the universe.
Within a star, matter evolves from the simplest hydrogen atom to transuranic chemical elements. Within galaxies, matter evolves to biological, intellectual, and spiritually developed matter.

In a star, nuclear-atomic evolution of matter occurs. In the remnants of stars, atomic-chemical evolution of matter occurs. After the transformation of stellar remnants into planets, under favorable conditions, chemical-biological evolution of matter is possible and does occur.
However, the most important structure of the universe, the most important cluster, is the subtle gas flows!!! Gas flows are the "blood" of the universe. Without gas flows, there would be no stars or galaxies. There would be voids. Gas flows are streams of building material for stars and galaxies. It is within the gas flows of the universe that stars and galaxies are formed and born. And it is fair to say that the universe is an aggregate of gas flows in which stars and galaxies are formed and born.

A galaxy is a group of stars linked by their birthplace. A galaxy consists of hundreds of billions of stars, a vast number of stellar remnants and planets. Why so many?

The evolution of matter does not stop at the formation and birth of stars and planets. The evolution of matter is aimed at creating biological life, at creating conditions for biological life. The enormous mechanism of galaxy evolution is aimed at creating conditions for the life of biological matter and at creating this biological matter itself.

On some planets, life may appear. Planets in the space of a galactic disk or arms will meet their stars. These stars will create favorable conditions for long biological life on these planets. The probability of such a meeting is low. But the more stars and planets in a galaxy, the greater the probability of their meeting. An example of the existence of such a probability is the meeting of the Sun and Earth.

With an increase in the number of stars and planets in the limited space of a galactic disk and arms, the probability of meetings between solar-type stars and terrestrial-type planets increases. Meetings between stars that create favorable conditions for biological life and planets that have favorable conditions for biological life.

The enormous number of stars born in galaxies increases the probability of the emergence and existence of biological life in these galaxies.

Therefore, to the question "Why do galaxies contain hundreds of billions of stars in their composition?" we have found two answers. First, to increase the probability of the emergence and existence of biological life in these galaxies. Second, to create unlimited living space for the existence of biological life.

The spherical shape of planets increases the infinity of space for biological matter.

To understand the workings of a galaxy's mechanism, one must understand how each part of this mechanism works.

The Role of Black Holes, Globular Clusters, and Gas Flows in the Structure and Evolution of Galaxies

A galaxy is a stellar formation unified by the birthplace of its stars!!!
That is, the spatial arrangement of stars in a galaxy is unified by their birthplace, not by gravity between stars and the central black hole.

3.1. The Technology of Formation and Production of Galaxies and Terrestrial Planets

Stars born in the gas flows of galactic disks and arms ("Population I") differ in their physical parameters from stars born in the galactic center with the participation of a black hole ("Population II"). This fact speaks not only to differing initial conditions during the formation and birth of stars in a galaxy but also to differences in the processes of star formation and birth within a galaxy.

Stars born in gas flows and arms have small mass; the motion parameters (velocity, direction) these stars inherit from the surrounding gas flow.

Within an elliptical galaxy, a disk and spiral galaxy form, with young and "light" stars. These stars live longer than the "heavy" stars born by the black hole in the galactic center.

Stars of halos and elliptical galaxies are stars with large masses. They are formed and born in the central black hole of the galaxy. After collapse, these high-mass stars transform into black holes and neutron stars.

- Black holes transform into stars and into galaxies.

- Neutron stars transform into terrestrial planets; on them, the emergence of biological life is possible.

The central black hole of a parent galaxy ejects high-mass stars into cosmic space. And through these stars, the parent galaxy, or more precisely, the parent black hole, disperses its "offspring," future galaxies and terrestrial planets, around itself. Within a single black hole lies the program for producing billions of stars for its own galaxy, and the program for producing its offspring galaxies, its daughter galaxies. The program for producing daughter galaxies is realized through the production of stars having large masses. The program for producing stars of medium mass, which undergo transformation through neutron stars into planets, is the program for the evolution of matter to the level of biological life. Since planets enriched with the entire spectrum of chemical elements have favorable conditions for the evolution of biological life.

Daughter black holes can evolve either into stars or into galaxies, passing through the stage of globular star clusters. The path of a black hole's transformation depends on the parameters of the surrounding cosmic space and on the parameters of the black hole itself.
Under favorable conditions, black holes form globular star clusters around themselves. Globular star clusters, under favorable conditions, evolve into elliptical galaxies.

- The possible participation in the formation of halo stars and globular clusters of remnants from stars born in the gas flows of galactic disks and arms.

In galactic disks and arms, stars of small mass form, which move towards the galactic center along a converging spiral. This is because gas in galactic disks and arms moves along a converging spiral towards the galactic center, towards the central black hole. Stars born in these gas flows inherit their kinematics. Consequently, their final destination is the central black hole.

To the final point of motion, the remnants of stars reach, which can be reborn into stars multiple times. That is, the remnants of stars, while moving in a gas flow, under favorable conditions, can form a star, becoming part of it as its core. Such a rebirth process can repeat. Upon reaching the galactic center—the central black hole—the former star from the galactic disk and spiral arms may, like a stellar core, become part of a halo star.

Possibly, the birth of high-mass stars is connected to such a course of events. Possibly, stellar remnants that have accumulated a large amount of heavy chemical elements entered the composition of halo stars having large masses. These stars collapse in the galactic center and form globular star clusters.

3.2. Stages of Galaxy Evolution

If a galaxy is a stellar formation unified by the birthplace of its stars, then the main driver of galaxy evolution is the mechanism of star formation within the galaxy. What is this mechanism? What is necessary for this mechanism to work?

A star consists of gas; therefore, to form stars, it is necessary to collect gas from space into the location where star formation will occur. Only a black hole can accomplish this task. A black hole collects gas into its accretion disk, forms stars from the gas, and ejects them back into cosmic space. Consequently, to form galaxies from stars, it is necessary to create a black hole within galactic space.

What, then, are the stages of galaxy evolution?

- Birth of the parent black hole.

- Evolution of the parent black hole into a globular star cluster. Birth of the first stars in the black hole region, formation of a globular star cluster.

- Evolution of the globular star cluster into an elliptical galaxy.

- Evolution of the elliptical galaxy into a disk galaxy. At this stage, inside the elliptical galaxy, stars are born in gas flows, and from these stars, the galactic disk forms.

During the formation of the galactic disk, a variant with the formation of a second accretion disk is possible. The accretion disk of the old black hole and the accretion disk of the "planar" part of the galaxy, formed by the gas flows of the galactic disk. And this meeting or conflict of disks can either hinder star formation and reduce gas flow speeds, or increase star formation rates and gas flow speeds. A meeting of two or more cyclonic gas flows occurs.

- Evolution of the disk galaxy into a spiral galaxy. Spiral arms of stars form in the disk galaxy.

- Aging of the galaxy, decrease in the amount of star formation in spiral galaxies.
The decrease in star formation occurs due to a lack of gas. A lot of gas has been used to create stars in this region of space, and a gas deficiency for forming a large number of stars has arisen in this region of space.

Black holes, globular clusters, and satellite galaxies born in the parent galaxy, as well as neighboring galaxies, take a large amount of gas for themselves, starving the galaxy.
With a decrease in the number of gas flows and a reduction of gas within them, star formation declines.

- "Dying" of the galaxy. Transition of the galaxy into a peculiar galaxy. Star formation in the galaxy is insignificant or stopped, most stars have "died." Most of the remaining stars are red giants and neutron stars; the galaxy's appearance lacks a recognizable geometric form. The galaxy is isolated by daughter galaxies, neighboring galaxies, and their gas flows.

Birth of the Parent Black Hole
Analysis of research data has shown that stars of an elliptical galaxy are formed and born in the accretion disk of the black hole located at its center. Galaxy evolution is the evolution of the black hole.
Several variants of galaxy birth are possible:

1. Collapse of a white dwarf, a high-mass star.
   At the end of life for high-mass stars, their white dwarfs collapse, creating black holes. These black holes inherit their kinematics from the parent stars. Black holes form stars from gas collected in the accretion disk.

After formation and birth, these stars are ejected back into cosmic space.

2. A theoretically possible variant is the collapse of a white dwarf, after which a neutron star's mass remains, but the suction force of its accretion disk will be sufficient for producing stars of an elliptical galaxy.

3. Formation of a vortex flow within cosmic gas flows. During the formation of gas vortex or circulation flows, the formation of stars is possible, and the formation of a black hole capable of producing stars is possible.

The kinematics of galaxies in the universe is directed towards expansion. But while expanding in the stellar dimension, simultaneous contraction occurs in the gas dimension. This gas contraction is expressed in the formation and birth of new stars in galaxies. Gas contraction and expansion occur both on the global scale of the universe and on local galactic scales. Modern research records only the expansion of the universe, as the motion of large objects—stars—is studied in cosmic space. The motion of gas flows receives little attention. By mass, gas flows moving towards the galactic center should equal the mass of stars moving away from its center. Every black hole in the universe is a center for collecting, compressing gas, and forming stars from it.

Consider the functions performed by the black hole at the galactic center:

- Collection of gas from the surrounding cosmic space.

- Formation of stars in the accretion disk from gas collected from cosmic space.

- Initiation of nuclear reactions in the formed stars.

- Ejection of the formed stars into cosmic space.

- Repeated execution of the first four points.

Evolution of the Parent Black Hole into a Globular Star Cluster
Globular Star Clusters

The repeated ejection of stars from the black hole, from the center of the future galaxy, initially forms a globular star cluster. The evolution of this globular cluster will lead to the formation of an elliptical galaxy. At the center of the globular cluster is a black hole that produces stars and ejects them into space. Under favorable conditions, an increase in the number of stars in the globular cluster will lead to the formation of an elliptical galaxy from this cluster.

Globular clusters are a group of old stars whose kinematics is analogous to the kinematics of halo stars. A characteristic feature of this star group's kinematics is that the entire group as a whole moves similarly to the motion of a halo star.
Such motion and placement of these groups in a galaxy indicates that:
Firstly, a black hole is at the center of the globular cluster.
The existence of a black hole at the center of a globular cluster is indicated by the correct geometric shape of this cluster—a sphere or ellipsoid.
Secondly, the parents of globular clusters were high-mass stars. The collapse of their white dwarfs leads to the birth of a black hole. This black hole is located at the center of the globular cluster. The globular star cluster inherited its kinematics precisely from the parent star. The kinematics of the globular cluster, and consequently of the parent star, coincides with the kinematics of halo stars and elliptical galaxy stars. Therefore, the parent star belonged to halo stars or elliptical galaxy stars.

These stars were born in the galactic center in the black hole region. The parent stars of globular clusters belonged to the second population group, to halo stars or elliptical galaxy stars. And all kinematic characteristics were passed on to globular star clusters from massive parent halo stars or from elliptical galaxy stars.

This prediction is confirmed by recent research:

"Astronomers have conducted a study of four faint dwarf galaxies close to us, discovered several years ago and which are satellites of the Milky Way. Some of these objects turned out to be more like globular clusters than galaxies, while others could have actively interacted with the Milky Way in the past. The article is published in The Astrophysical Journal.
A team of astronomers led by Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil presented the results of photometric observations of four nearby ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, reports of whose discovery in data from the Pan-STARRS and Dark Energy Survey were published in 2015. They received designations Sagittarius II (Sgr II), Reticulum II (Ret II), Phoenix II (Phe II), and Tucana III (Tuc III).

Brightness distribution maps of the newly discovered dwarf galaxies
Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil et al./The Astrophysical Journal (2018)

The Sagittarius II galaxy, possessing total gas reserves of 1300 solar masses, turned out to be unusual in that its size (effective radius estimated at 32 parsecs) is small even by dwarf galaxy standards, and its structure more resembles that of a large globular star cluster.
Phoenix II turned out to be the most massive dwarf galaxy of the studied group (total gas mass estimated at 1400 solar masses), which was also initially attempted to be classified as a globular cluster.
Alexander Voityuk"
Source: https://nplus1.ru/news/2018/10/02/four-new-Milky-Way-satellites
Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil et al./The Astrophysical Journal (2018)
The Astrophysical Journal.
Recent research confirms our prediction—Globular clusters are young galaxies, "galaxies in childhood."

A black hole, under favorable conditions, evolves into a globular star cluster. A globular star cluster, under favorable conditions, evolves into an elliptical galaxy. But under unfavorable conditions, a black hole can evolve into a star. And under very unfavorable conditions, a black hole may not evolve.

Variants of evolution for a black hole, neutron star, white dwarf, and even galaxies depend not only on the internal parameters of these objects but also on the parameters of the surrounding external cosmic environment. An analysis of scientific materials obtained from the study of globular star clusters is presented in the chapter "Origin and Formation of Galaxies" ("Globular Star Clusters, Scientific Facts and Their Analysis").

Evolution of an Elliptical Galaxy into a Disk Galaxy
Inside an elliptical galaxy, an area with a gas deficiency, an area with reduced gas content, forms. Gas from this area is drawn into the black hole, and stars are formed from it.
Around the area with reduced gas content, inside the elliptical galaxy, circular gas flows form, creating a gas cosmic cyclone. This gas cyclone sucks in gas from neighboring areas of cosmic space, forming areas of reduced gas content. It is precisely this suction of gas into gas flows that explains the unevenness of gas density in galactic space and in areas adjacent to it, to its disk and arms.

Stars in disks and arms are obstacles to the motion of gas flows. Gas flows are forced to bypass stars and their heliospheres. This influences the direction of gas motion in galaxies and possibly contributes to changes in the arrangement of gas flows in the galactic disk and arms. And possibly their displacement in space. Changes in the arrangement of gas flows can be determined by the arrangement of stars of the same (or similar) age.

With increasing galaxy age, gas flows increase in their extent.
Gas clouds have been discovered in galaxies at high latitudes. These gas clouds move towards the galactic plane at speeds of 100 km/s and more. The galactic plane is a concentration of stars formed in cyclonic gas flows directed towards the black hole at the galaxy's center.
This motion of gas clouds towards the galactic plane indicates that this gas is being sucked into cyclonic gas flows located in the galactic center.

In the disk and arms of a galaxy, gas density is high; in adjacent areas, its density is tens of times less. This increased gas density in cyclonic flows is explained by the motion of the gas flow at ~100–250 km/s, which, according to Bernoulli's principle, sucks gas from neighboring areas into its flow.
The gas flow itself is formed by the black hole and moves towards it along a circular trajectory, forming a gas cosmic cyclone.
In this cyclone, in its gas flows, stars of the galactic disk and arms are formed. The kinematics of these stars are inherited from the kinematics of the gas flows in which they were born.

The kinematics of stars in gas flows is fundamentally different from the kinematics of stars born in the galactic center in a black hole.
The black hole at the galactic center is the main driver of galaxy evolution; it is what forms and creates the galaxy's gas flows.
Gas flows are primary, and the formation and birth of stars is a derivative function of the collection and concentration of gas into flows. The main task of a black hole is to create gas flows, and within gas flows, stars will be born, and a galaxy will form.

A galaxy is a stellar formation unified by the birthplace of its stars!
In a galaxy, stars are formed and born from gas. After the "death" of stars, their remnants wander in cosmic space. Galactic space is filled with stellar remnants—these are planets, asteroids, white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes.
Many remnants are radioactive and have the ability to generate an accretion disk around themselves. Dense gas flows of cosmic space are favorable for the formation and birth of stars.

- What happens to stellar remnants when they enter dense gas flows of cosmic space?

- What happens to stellar remnants when they enter dense gas flows of a galactic disk and arms?

- How do stellar remnants influence the star formation process in galactic disks and arms?
Possibly, stars of galactic disks and arms are formed with the participation of stellar remnants, black holes, neutron stars, and white dwarfs. Their structure differs from halo stars born in the galactic center, in the black hole region.
That is, the cores of young stars in gas flows of galactic disks and arms may turn out to be remnants of "dead" stars.
During the formation of the stellar disk and spiral arms of galaxies, this space is already filled with white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, and planets.
The physics of the process of star formation from gas in galactic disks and arms is poorly studied.
Relying on the laws of physics and research data, let's model the physical events and processes occurring during the formation and birth of stars in a galactic disk and arms.

The birth of stars in a galactic disk and arms may be due to several factors:

1. Turbulence processes with the formation of vortices, tornadoes, cyclones. Generation of electron flows, secondary physical phenomena and processes in gas flows, contributes to the initiation of nuclear reactions in the gas environment and the formation of stars.

2. Possibly, dynamic processes occurring in the black hole at the galactic center generate a shock wave in the gas flow. This wave creates counter-motion of gas within the gas flow. The dynamic wave creates gas compression in sections of this flow, forming "protostars" and stars.

3. The motion of gas in a flow at a speed of 200–300 km/s is the motion of gas particles, gas atoms, atomic nuclei, electrons. Such particle motion can be compared to the motion of particles in particle accelerators. The speed of gas particle motion in an accretion disk is comparable to the speeds of particle motion in a collider. Consequently, accretion disks are natural, cosmic accelerators of gas particles to speeds necessary for the initiation of thermonuclear fusion in the gas flow of the accretion disk. But galactic gas flows also accelerate particles, and in counter-flows, and upon meeting an accretion disk in cosmic space, the birth of stars is possible. Consider the gas flows of a galactic disk and the gas flows of an accretion disk as a single particle accelerator. Then we see stepwise acceleration of gas particles in galactic gas flows. In gas flows of disks and arms, gas particles accelerate to 300 km/s. In an accretion disk, gas particles accelerate to 170,000 km/s.

- How does stepwise acceleration of gas particles influence star formation, the structure of star formation, and galactic structure?

- How does the speed of particles in gas flows influence star formation?
The speed of gas flows in a galactic disk and arms reaches from 200 to 300 km/s, and stars of small mass form in these flows. In the accretion disks of black holes at galactic centers, gas flow speeds reach 170,000 km/s, and stars of large and medium mass form in these flows. Does a connection exist between the speed of gas flow motion and the mass of stars born in these gas flows?

4. A variant involving the participation in star formation in a galactic disk and arms of remnants of old stars (white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes) is possible.
   That is, remnants of old stars participate in the formation and birth of young stars in gas flows of galactic disks and arms.

Several factors point to the high probability of this variant.
The old age of an elliptical galaxy speaks to the saturation of galactic space with stellar remnants. Stellar remnants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes are capable of forming accretion gas disks (gas cyclones) around themselves.

Radioactive and radiation emissions from stellar remnants are a favorable factor for initiating and sustaining the thermonuclear fusion reaction of hydrogen and other heavier atomic nuclei. The ability to give birth to a star or stars in a gas flow exists for a black hole. But possibly, under the existence of certain specific conditions, such ability exists for white dwarfs and neutron stars as well. Rebirth of old, "dead" star remnants into new young stars occurs. White dwarfs and neutron stars become the cores of young stars born in gas flows of galactic disks and arms.
Perhaps this can explain the not-large mass of stars in galactic disks and arms. That is, stellar remnants cannot or do not have time to gather a large mass of gas around themselves. Whether the participation of old stellar remnants in the formation of young stars influences their metallicity is unknown. The high content of heavy chemical elements in stellar remnants influences the chemical composition of young stars into whose composition they have entered. But in a star's atmosphere, researchers observe nuclear synthesis of chemical elements, not the chemical composition of the entire star.

Stars born in a black hole at the galactic center are formed from hydrogen. In the formation of stars in gas flows of galactic disks and arms, the influence of stellar remnants, in whose composition heavy chemical elements already exist, comes into play. If such a probability exists, then the chemical composition of young stars in disks and arms is influenced by the chemical composition of the stellar remnants that participated in the formation of these young stars. Or perhaps not.
Since chemical analysis of a star is carried out from its surface, where thermonuclear fusion occurs, and the observer sees the process of synthesizing elements heavier than helium. The high quantitative synthesis of heavy chemical elements in young stars can be explained by the presence of a large energy potential in these stars. With increasing age, the chemical composition of a star changes. The quantity of light chemical elements, during whose synthesis maximum energy is released, decreases.
A decrease in energy potential leads to a decrease in the quantitative synthesis of heavy chemical elements in stellar atmospheres. Synthesis of heavy chemical elements in the star continues, and inside the star, at levels below the atmosphere.

In gas flows of disks and arms, gas density is not high relative to the density of gas in the accretion disk of a black hole and in the galactic center. Due to the not-high gas density in gas flows of disks and arms, the not-high speed of gas flow motion, and the not-high energy potential of the stellar remnants themselves, stars with small masses form.

The existence of "Herbig-Haro Objects" is proof of the participation of "dead" stellar remnants in star formation.
5. A combination of several or all listed factors in star formation in gas flows of galactic disks and arms is possible.
6. In the formation of halo stars, high-mass stars born in the central black hole of a galaxy, the participation of remnants of stars born in gas flows of galactic disks and arms, which have reached the central black hole along a converging spiral, is possible.

That is, it is possible that in the formation of young stars, remnants of "dead" stars participate. Remnants of "dead" stars become cores within young stars.

- A variant is possible involving the participation in the formation of halo stars and globular star clusters of remnants of stars born in gas flows of galactic disks and arms.

In galactic disks and arms, stars of small mass form, which move towards the galactic center along a converging spiral. This is because gas in galactic disks and arms moves along a converging spiral towards the galactic center, towards the central black hole. Stars born in these gas flows inherit their motion kinematics. Consequently, their final destination is the central black hole. Stellar remnants, which can be reborn multiple times into stars, reach the final destination. That is, stellar remnants, while moving within the gas flow under favorable conditions, can form a star, entering its composition as its core. Such a rebirth process can repeat. Upon reaching the galactic center, the central black hole, a former disk and arm star of the galaxy can, as a star core, enter the composition of a halo star. Possibly, the birth of high-mass stars is connected to such a course of events. Possibly, stellar remnants that have accumulated a large amount of heavy chemical elements entered the composition of halo stars having large masses. These stars collapse not far from the parent black hole, in the galactic center, and form globular star clusters.

Evolution of a Disk Galaxy into a Spiral Galaxy
Spirals of stars form in a disk galaxy.

The disk and spiral arms of galaxies are formed and created in a cyclonic gas flow moving around the galactic center. This gas flow moves along a converging spiral around the black hole located at the galactic center. The density of the gas flow increases with decreasing distance to the galactic center. That is, the gas flow compresses in the central part of the galaxy. Star formation in the galactic disk and arms begins earlier, at distances close to the galactic center. Moving away from the galactic center, younger stars are formed and born. Such star formation can be explained by the physical parameters of gas flows in the galactic disk and arms. One of the main and necessary conditions for star birth is the existence of a gas flow with a gas density suitable for star formation. Possibly, the presence of stellar remnants in the star-forming region is also a necessary or favorable condition.

Stars of disks and arms of spiral galaxies are formed and born in gas flows around galactic centers. Closer to galactic centers, stars with greater age are located. With increasing distance from the galactic center, stellar age decreases.
All stars of the disk and arms are formed in gas flows rotating around the galactic center. Consequently, stars formed in these flows will inherit the kinematics of the parent gas flow. This explains the coincidence of kinematics between the gas flow and the stars within it.
But since stars born closer to the galactic center are older and born earlier, they manage to shift before the birth of the next, younger stars in the same gas flow.

The direction of gas flow motion and spatio-temporal shift form the pattern of star arrangement in galactic disks and arms.
A second factor influencing arm formation in a galaxy is the dispersion of stellar velocities, which depends on their age. That is, under absolutely equal conditions at birth, stars with greater lifetime age will have higher motion velocity than younger stars. And this difference in stellar motion velocity increases with increasing age, as the change in stellar velocity dispersion has a power-law dependence.
Onto the spatio-temporal shift is superimposed the factor of dispersion-age shift.
From the kinematics of stars and the gas in which these stars were born, considering the displacement distance of stars, one can determine the dispersion of ages of stars in the galactic disk and arms. The increase in stellar velocity with increasing age increases the shift in the arms between stars of the disk and spirals in the galaxy. Star movement occurs in three-dimensional space; consequently, the movement of stars relative to each other occurs in three planes.

There is another factor influencing the formation of galactic disks and arms—the motion of stars along a converging spiral in gas flows of galactic disks and arms.

Motion of Stars in Galactic Disks and Arms

A galaxy includes contradictory patterns, combining within itself simultaneously stationary and dynamic processes, processes of destruction and processes of creation.

One of such contradictions in patterns is the motion of stars in a galaxy.
The motion of Population I stars and the motion of Population II stars.

The motion of Population I stars is directed towards the galactic center along a converging spiral trajectory. And the motion of Population II stars is directed away from the galactic center along a diverging spiral trajectory. If the motion of Population I stars is of a planar type, then the motion of Population II stars is volumetric and spherical, of an explosive type.
To understand the mechanism of a galaxy and the reasons for contradictions in this mechanism, it is necessary to conduct physical-analytical research. Research of objects, processes, and events occurring in a galaxy, in a temporal dimension. At first glance, the motion of stars in a galaxy is radically opposite and contradicts the laws of physics.
Comprehensive physical-analytical research has shown that all contradictions in stellar motion within a galaxy are a regular chain of physical processes and events.

The motion of stars in a galactic disk and arms is directed towards bringing these stars closer to the galactic center along a converging spiral trajectory. These stars received their trajectory from the gas flows of the galactic disk and arms in which they were formed and born. The central black hole collects gas from cosmic space for the formation and creation of Population II stars. The motions of gas flows in the galactic disk and arms are directed along a converging spiral towards the galactic center, towards its central black hole. Consequently, the motion of stars formed in these gas flows is also directed towards the galactic center along a converging spiral trajectory. The motion of stars in galactic disks and arms along a converging spiral trajectory is confirmed by research.

(3) Figure #3.1

In Figure 3.1, the motion of young and old stars surrounding the Sun (orange star) is shown. As can be seen from Figure 3.1, the motion of stars in the spiral arms of a galaxy occurs along trajectories of gas flow motion, along converging spirals towards the galactic center.
In Figure # 3.2, the motion of the Sun in the Milky Way galaxy is shown.

(4) Figure # 3.2

As can be seen from Figure 3.2, the Sun moves along a converging spiral towards the galactic center. The kinematics of such motion, the star inherited from the gas flows of the galactic disk and arms. Since the motion of gas flows in galactic disks and arms is subject to physical-temporal changes, differences also exist in the trajectories of stellar motion. But physical-temporal changes also affect the motion of the stars themselves. Figure 3.2 depicts a conceptually predicted trajectory of the Sun's motion. Conceptually, the parameters of the Sun's motion trajectory are close to the parameters of the trajectory of the gas flows in which the star was formed.

Traveling the distance to the galactic center, disk and arm stars possibly "die" and are born from a white dwarf, or neutron star, or possibly a black hole, several times, like Herbig-Haro objects. Upon reaching the central black hole, the white dwarf, or star, originally born in the galactic disk and arms, increases its mass. And in the accretion disk, from this star or its remnants, the core of a halo star, a star having large mass, is formed. In Figure 3.3 A, the evolution of matter in disk and spiral galaxies is shown. In Figure 3.3 B, the motion of Population I stars in the galactic disk towards the central black hole and the ejection of Population II stars from the galactic center into its halo are shown.

              A

    B

(5) Figure # 3.3

Conceptually, the trajectory and kinematics of disk and arm stars of a galaxy can be traced on the graph of stellar rotation velocities, Figure 3.4.
Point A on the graph, Figure 3.4, is the moment of star birth τ₀ = 0. The parameters of point A indicate the star's parameters at the moment of its birth, motion velocity, and distance to the galactic center. Point B on the graph, Figure 3.4, indicates the star's parameters after time τ since star birth (τ > 0).

The star's parameters change during its life, motion velocity increases, and distance to the galactic center decreases, which is reflected on the graph, Figure # 3.4. That is, throughout life, the parameters of disk and arm stars of galaxies move along the graph's diagram, Figure # 3.4.

(6) Figure # 3.4

In Figures 3.5 A and B, diagrams of matter motion in elliptical, disk, and spiral galaxies are depicted.
In an elliptical galaxy, Figure 3.5 A, gas moves towards the central black hole. The central black hole draws gas from cosmic space into its accretion disk, forms stars from it, and ejects these stars back into space.
In gas flows moving towards the accretion disk in the galactic center, stars can form near the central black hole. These stars, due to their close proximity to the black hole, can be absorbed by the gas flows of the accretion disk.

1 - central black hole; 2 - gas flows of the galactic disk; 3 - stars of the galactic disk; 4 - remnants of galactic disk stars (white dwarfs, neutron stars); 5 - trajectory of a galactic disk star's motion.
(7) Figure # 3.5

In disk and spiral galaxies, Figure # 3.5 B, gas flows moving towards the central black hole form a gas disk and spiral arms. In these gas disks and arms, stars having small masses are formed. These stars inherit their kinematics from the gas flows in which they were formed. The motion of gas flows and stars born in these flows is directed towards the galactic center, towards the central black hole. That is, gas from cosmic space is drawn into the gas flows of the galactic disk and spirals, which move towards the central black hole. In these gas flows, stars of small mass are formed, which move in the gas flows towards the galactic center. During the motion towards the galactic center, disk and arm stars can be reborn several times. That is, during the motion, a disk or spiral galaxy star can "die," and its remnants, moving in the disk's gas flows, can be born in a young star, like Herbig-Haro objects.

The rebirth of stars in gas flows corrects the star's trajectory and kinematics, directing it towards the galactic center. Moving towards the galactic center, the star or its remnants increases its mass. Upon reaching the central black hole, the star or its remnants are absorbed by the gas flows of the accretion disk. From the star's core or its remnants, possibly, the cores of halo stars having large masses are formed. After star formation, the central black hole ejects stars into cosmic space, into the galaxy's halo. From these stars, globular clusters, galaxies, neutron stars, black holes are formed.

Aging of a Galaxy

Aging of a galaxy occurs due to a decrease in star formation within it.
The decrease in star formation occurs due to a lack of gas.

- A lot of gas is used to create stars in galactic space. In this region of space, a gas deficiency for star formation has arisen.
Star formation decreases and depends on the influx of gas into galactic space.

- But a second factor exists that influences star formation in a galaxy. The black hole has produced and ejected into cosmic space a large number of high-mass stars. A large number of these stars, after collapse, became black holes. These black holes began to produce stars. Gas that should flow into the parent galaxy is taken by these black holes for producing their own stars. These black holes form globular clusters around themselves, which upon further evolution turn into galaxies. These daughter galaxies surround the parent galaxy, taking gas from it for their own star formation.

- But there is also a third factor, and these are gas flows formed by daughter galaxies. Gas flows of daughter galaxies, which have surrounded the parent galaxy, draw in gas from the surrounding cosmic space. The parent galaxy is isolated by its daughter galaxies and their gas flows from its own gas flows.

During isolation of a galaxy from gas flows, aging of the galaxy occurs. The galaxy's stars age, while young stars are not produced, or are produced in insignificant quantities.
During this period, slowing and cessation of star formation occurs in the galactic center due to gas deficit. The accretion disk in the black hole cannot collect a critical mass of gas for star formation.
A decrease in star formation and the transition of the galaxy into a peculiar galaxy. This is an increase in the area of reduced gas content. With an increase in the area of reduced gas content, the gas flows of the disk and arms (the gas cyclone) disappear. Initially, gas flows weaken, star formation declines, and then stops. Gas flows in these areas reduce their speed, and possibly almost or completely stop. A gas flow can be considered stopped if it does not draw molecules of gas and dust from neighboring areas into the flow, or such drawing is insignificant.

"Dying" of a Galaxy

"Dying" is the transition of a galaxy into the stage of a peculiar galaxy.
The galaxy's appearance lacks a recognizable geometric form. Star formation in the galaxy is insignificant or stopped, most stars have "died." The galaxy contains many red giants, neutron stars, white dwarfs. The galaxy is surrounded by daughter galaxies and their gas flows.

Daughter galaxies, by themselves and their gas flows, have isolated the parent galaxy from the influx of gas from cosmic space. A peculiar, "dying" galaxy is surrounded by young daughter galaxies.
According to the same program of event development, large voids (voids) form in cosmic space.
Stopping gas flows will lead to the cessation of star formation in the universe and to its death. If gas flows in the universe are stopped, the entire universe will turn into infinite emptiness (a void), in the infinity of time. Stopping the gas flows of the universe will return the universe to the "Beginning of Time" (to the "Beginning of Everything").
"The world was invisible and uninhabited. Darkness covered the abyss. And the surface trembled from the breath of the Almighty..."
Great voids are a clear example of a variant of the "death" of the universe.

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