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3.3. Influence of Stellar Remnants on the Formation of Young Stars in Galactic Disks and Arms
A galaxy is a stellar formation unified by the birthplace of its stars!
In a galaxy, stars are formed and born from gas. After the "death" of stars, their remnants wander in cosmic space. Galactic space is filled with stellar remnants—these are planets, asteroids, white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes.
Many remnants are radioactive and have the ability to generate an accretion disk around themselves. Dense gas flows of a galaxy are favorable for the formation and birth of stars.
- What happens to stellar remnants when they enter dense gas flows of cosmic space?
- What happens to stellar remnants when they enter dense gas flows of a galactic disk and arms?
- How do stellar remnants influence the star formation process in galactic disks and arms?
Possibly, stars of galactic disks and arms are formed with the participation of black holes, neutron stars, and white dwarfs. Their structure differs from halo stars born in the galactic center, in the black hole region. Possibly, the participation of black holes, neutron stars, and white dwarfs in the formation of galactic disk and arm stars influenced the parameters of these stars.
That is, the cores of young stars in gas flows of galactic disks and arms may turn out to be remnants of "dead" stars.
During the formation of the stellar disk and spiral arms of galaxies, this space is already filled with white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, and planets.
The physics of the process of star formation from gas in galactic disks and arms is poorly studied.
Relying on the laws of physics and research data, let's model the physical events and processes occurring during the formation and birth of stars in a galactic disk and arms.
The birth of stars in a galactic disk and arms may be due to several factors:
Turbulence processes with the formation of vortices, tornadoes, cyclones. Generation of electron flows, secondary physical phenomena and processes in gas flows, contributes to the initiation of nuclear reactions in the gas environment and the formation of stars.
Possibly, dynamic processes occurring in the black hole at the galactic center generate a shock wave in the gas flow. This wave creates counter-motion of gas within the gas flow. The dynamic wave creates gas compression in sections of this flow, forming "protostars" and stars.
The motion of gas in a flow at a speed of 200–300 km/s is the motion of gas particles, gas atoms, atomic nuclei, electrons. Such particle motion can be compared to the motion of particles in particle accelerators. The speed of gas particle motion in an accretion disk is comparable to the speeds of particle motion in particle accelerators, in a collider. Consequently, accretion disks are natural, cosmic accelerators of gas particles to speeds necessary for the initiation of thermonuclear fusion in the gas flow of the accretion disk. But gas flows in a galaxy also accelerate particles. The birth of stars is possible both in counter gas flows and upon the meeting of a gas flow with an accretion disk formed around stellar remnants.
A variant involving the participation in star formation in a galactic disk and arms of remnants of old stars (white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes) born earlier in the black hole at the galactic center is possible. That is, remnants of old stars participate in the formation and birth of young stars in gas flows of galactic disks and arms.
Several factors point to the high probability of this variant.
The old age of an elliptical galaxy speaks to the saturation of galactic space with stellar remnants. Stellar remnants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes are capable of forming accretion gas disks (gas cyclones) around themselves. Radioactive and radiation emissions from stellar remnants are a favorable factor for initiating and sustaining the thermonuclear fusion reaction of hydrogen and other heavier atomic nuclei. The ability to give birth to a star or stars in a gas flow exists for a black hole. But possibly, under the existence of certain specific conditions, such ability exists for white dwarfs and neutron stars as well. Rebirth of old "dead" star remnants into new young stars occurs. White dwarfs and neutron stars become the cores of young stars born in gas flows of galactic disks and arms. Possibly, this can explain the not-large mass of stars in galactic disks and arms.
That is, stellar remnants cannot or do not have time to gather a large mass of gas around themselves.
Stars born in a black hole at the galactic center are formed from hydrogen. In the formation of stars in gas flows of galactic disks and arms, the influence of stellar remnants, in whose composition heavy chemical elements already exist, comes into play.
If such a probability exists, then the chemical composition of young stars in disks and arms is influenced by the chemical composition of the stellar remnants that participated in the formation of these young stars.
In gas flows of disks and arms, gas density is not high relative to the density of gas in the accretion disk of a black hole at the galactic center. Due to the not-high gas density in gas flows of disks and arms and the not-high energy potential of the stellar remnants themselves, they are capable of participating in the formation of stars with small masses.
The existence of "Herbig-Haro Objects" is proof of the participation of "dead" stellar remnants in star formation.
5. A combination of several or all listed factors in star formation in gas flows of galactic disks and arms is possible.
3.3.1 Herbig-Haro Objects
These objects are interesting because their existence and the physical processes occurring within them confirm and prove our prediction about the participation of stellar remnants (white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes) in star formations occurring in gas flows.
What predictions about star formation in gas flows were made in the research of "Analytical Astrophysics"?
- In gas flows, stars and galaxies are formed and born;
- The birth of stars in turbulent gas flows is possible;
- The formation of circulation gas funnels and accretion disks in gas flows contributes to the formation and birth of stars;
- Cosmic objects around which accretion disks form are capable of forming and creating stars;
- White dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes—cosmic objects capable of forming accretion disks around themselves;
- An accretion disk is a gas cosmic tornado. The jet of an accretion disk is twisting gas pillars. These gas pillars (jets) emerge from the central part of the accretion disk and are directed perpendicular to the plane of this accretion disk.
- An accretion disk is a cyclonic gas flow that draws gas and dust from cosmic space into its gas flow. Accretion disks, under certain parameters, are capable of forming and creating protostars and stars.
- Gas cyclonic flows, gas vortices, accretion disks—these are accelerators of gas particles in cosmic space.
What do studies of Herbig-Haro objects say?
- At the center of Herbig-Haro objects, an accretion disk is located, within which a star ignites;
- From the accretion disk, perpendicular to its plane of rotation, gas jets form. Gas jets are pillars of rotating gas. There is a probability of the formation of an accretion disk in case a jet passes through a region of cosmic space with increased gas content. This accretion disk, with high probability, will form both a protostar and a star. But possibly, along the jet's path, stellar remnants are encountered, which participate in the formation of the protostar and star. Precisely these processes of forming protostars and birthing stars, researchers observe in Herbig-Haro objects. Quite possibly, in Herbig-Haro objects, several stars or even groups of stars are formed and born, which are hidden from researchers by the gas and dust of the accretion disk.
Let us predict the formation mechanism of Herbig–Haro objects.
Into a region of cosmic space with high gas content, or into a gas flow, a cosmic object capable of forming an accretion disk enters. Such objects include a white dwarf, neutron star, black hole. Possibly, an accretion disk forms as a result of turbulent processes and the formation of gas vortices in a cosmic space gas flow. The formed accretion disk collects (draws in) gas of the future star or group of stars into itself. Perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the accretion disk, a gas jet forms. The physics of gas jet formation is very simple. The rotating gas flow of the accretion disk ejects part of the collected gas along its axis of rotation (along the axis of rotation of the accretion disk) in both directions. This ejected gas has a rotational moment, which is excited and maintained by the gas following it. This rotating moment of the gas ejected from the accretion disk is transmitted to the surrounding gas along the axis of rotation of the accretion disk. This is how jets are formed; analogous processes occur in gas tornadoes and whirlwinds under terrestrial conditions. That is, a gas cosmic tornado forms. At the location of the accretion disk, a star or several stars form. A young star or several stars are born, which are hidden from researchers by the gas and dust of the accretion disk and surrounding gas flows. Along the path of gas motion in jets, where conditions of the surrounding environment allow, young stars form and are born. In the formation of stars in jets, white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, and turbulent processes in gas flows can participate. Herbig-Haro objects confirm the predictions of the authors of "Analytical Astrophysics" about the possible participation of white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes in the formation of young stars.
Source: https://www.hypernova.ru/zvezd/world/herbig-haro_jets_fuors_and_other
Herbig-Haro objects HH46 and HH47
(8) Figure # 3.6
Source: https://www.hypernova.ru/zvezd/world/herbig-haro_jets_fuors_and_other
Diagram of Herbig-Haro objects
(9) Figure # 3.7
In Figure 3.7, a diagram of the formation and creation of Herbig-Haro objects is shown. This diagram confirms our prediction about the possibility of jet and stellar remnant participation in the formation and birth of young stars in gas flows.
Source: https://www.hypernova.ru/zvezd/world/herbig-haro_jets_fuors_and_other
3.4. Diagram of a Galaxy in the Gas Dimension
- According to Bernoulli's principle, the motion of gas in flows creates a force that draws gas from the nearest areas of space into this flow.
- Accretion disks and cyclonic gas flows are natural cosmic accelerators of gas and dust particles (colliders in cosmic space).
An accretion disk draws gas particles from cosmic space and accelerates them in its gas flow.
After the repeated process of gas collection, formation of stars from this gas, and ejection of these stars into cosmic space, a huge area with low gas concentration, zone "C" (Fig.3.8), forms around the black hole. But the black hole continues its star production. Around the area with low gas concentration, around zone "C," Fig. 3.8, a rotating gas flow, a gas disk, zone "E" (Fig. 3.8), forms. This rotating gas disk creates an additional suction force for gas from cosmic space from zones "C" and "F" (Fig. 3.8).
(10) Figure 3.8
Possibly, this gas disk is an obstacle for suction of gas into the volume of the black hole's accretion disk through zone "C" (Fig. 3.8). The rotating gas flows of the disk suck gas both from outside the disk and from the internal zone "C," taking gas away from the black hole.
Possibly, with the formation of the gas disk of a disk galaxy, structural changes occur in the central black hole itself. Possibly, a structural reorganization of the galaxy itself occurs through a structural reorganization of the gas flow.
(11) Figure #3.9
But also inside, at the galactic center, is the accretion disk of the black hole, zone "B" (Fig. 3.9), which sucks in gas, increasing the vacuum value in zone "C" (Fig. 3.9) around the black hole. The speed of gas motion in the accretion disk reaches 170,000 km/s, while the speed of gas motion in the gas flow of the galactic disk reaches 200–300 km/s. Consequently, the suction force of gas into the accretion disk is significantly higher than that of the gas flows of the galactic disk. A confrontation occurs between the gas flows of the galactic disk and the accretion disk of the black hole. As a result of this confrontation, gas bridges between these flows form in the galactic center. In these gas flows of bridges, as in the gas flows of the galaxy, stars form and are born.
In areas of cosmic space around gas flows, pressure and gas density decrease. Gas from cosmic space, due to pressure differential, moves into areas of reduced pressure around the gas flow. And from these areas with reduced density and pressure, gas is sucked into the gas flow. Thus, the gas flow maintains areas of reduced pressure around itself, creating for itself a mechanism of continuous gas influx from cosmic space.
With the formation of a disk by a gas flow around the central black hole, the transformation of the old elliptical galaxy into a young disk and spiral galaxy begins. In the gas flows of the disk and spiral galaxy, gas from space is concentrated (collected), which creates favorable conditions and provokes star formation.
At the center of an elliptical galaxy is a black hole that, collecting gas from cosmic space, forms stars from it and ejects them back into cosmic space. Around the black hole, from stars born by it, an elliptical galaxy forms.
During the period of elliptical galaxy formation, gas flows formed around the black hole. These gas flows formed a gas cyclone around the black hole at the galactic center. In this gas cyclone, stars of the galactic disk and arms are born. At the galactic center, a "conflict" occurs between the gas flow of the accretion disk and the gas flow of the galactic disk and arms. This conflict began even at the stage of disk gas flow formation. At an early stage, the gas flow of the accretion disk was stronger. But with the increase of the disk's gas flow, star formation processes in the galaxy change. Under the influence of the change in the star formation process, the galaxy's appearance also changed.
Gas flows of the disk formed huge gas flows around the black hole.
Possibly, these huge gas flows form their own vortex or cyclonic gas flows, which are larger and more powerful than the flow of the black hole's accretion disk. A conflict of two or more cyclonic flows occurs. Galaxy evolution, its disk and arms, already occurs under the influence of these vortex flows.
The speed of gas motion in gas flows of the disk is over 200 km/s, the speed of gas in the accretion disk flow reaches 170,000 km/s. The masses of these gas flows are enormous. The speed of the gas flow of the galactic disk is less than the speed of gas in the accretion disk. But the mass of gas in the galactic disk is greater than the mass of gas in the accretion disk. The conflict of the main gas flows restructures the galaxy's appearance. Speeds are comparable to speeds in particle accelerators. That is, the accretion disk of a black hole and cyclonic flows are natural cosmic accelerators of matter motion. The conflict between these natural accelerators (flows) changes the structure of galactic star formation.
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