Physics of stars
Copyright © 2010 by Stanislav Kozlov
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– Evolution of stars with average mass
We examined the evolution of low mass stars, after its «death» as a planet, and broached the subject of the possible evolution of a planet to harbor life.
Let’s consider the evolution of medium-mass stars, as a result of the collapse, which will form a «neutron stars».
What is a «collapse»?
In this issue we have deliberately missed the word gravitational before the word collapse. Since there is no factual evidence to the existence of such physical phenomenon, as the «gravitational collapse».
The physical meaning of the invented phenomenon of «gravitational collapse», is that under the influence of masses of stellar substance is compressed to a critical size, and an explosion occurs.
Based on what observations this theory was proposed?
At the end of its life, the star expanded, moving into a state of «red giant» size, which is significantly larger than the size of the original stars. Then, the «red giant» disappeared, and a «white dwarf» appeared in its place, whose dimensions are much smaller than the original stars. Astronomers have taken resizing star as its expansion and then contraction. In some cases, on the surface of the «white dwarf», a thermonuclear synthesis reaction resumed. By the theory of Eddington, that claimed about compactness of substance in the star. Based on these observations, scientists made erroneous conclusions about the presence of a vast mass inside of the «white dwarf».
The mass of the «white dwarf» seemed even greater than the mass of the star itself, which contradicts the laws of physics. Let us analyze the chain of events occurring at the end of a star’s life from the standpoint of nuclear physics.
During its life, in the kernel of the stars are going heavy atoms «slags». Some of these atoms are located at the end of the periodic table of elements, and perhaps beyond its limits. The existence of such extra heavy atoms is only possible in conditions of stars.
Stars of small masses, doesn’t have enough power and lifetime, for the synthesis of a «critical mass» of heavy atoms.
During the lifetime of medium-mass stars, in the kernels there is accumulation of a «critical mass» of heavy and extra-heavy atoms. Consequently, the power of allocated energy in the medium-mass stars is sufficient for the synthesis of a critical mass of heavy and super heavy atoms (kernels). What happens to the stars of medium mass (5 Ms> Mz> 1.5 Ms, where Ms – mass of the Sun; Mz – mass of the star), which collapses and turn into «neutron stars». Of course, we don’t have enough data for a full analysis of the processes, and this analysis must be done by specialists in nuclear scientists, the heat-physics, physics of plasma, mathematicians, and perhaps some others.
We’ll do the outline of this analysis later, but now we are interested in the fact of the explosion (collapse) the star. What physical, and to more specific, what are the nuclear processes that lead to this phenomenon?
Modern theories of gravitational collapse and neutron stars cannot even be considered, because of their inaccuracy. Few years from now these theories, as well as on the theory of «black holes», and many other modern theories of astrophysics will be laughed at by students, just like they laugh today on the theory that states that the earth is flat. That’s because these theories contradict the laws of physics. The theory of gravitational collapse is a fantasy of the past century, not supported by facts. The assumption that when a star explodes, gets its weight increased by several times, instead of decrease, is not only contradicting the physical laws, but also demands reading classical psychiatry.
«Neutron Star» – previously it was believed that the star consists only of neutrons. In nuclear physics there was experimentally determined that particles consisted only of neutrons (two or more) does not exist, and there are no particles consisted only of protons (two or more). This fact remained unknown to the authors of the theory of neutron stars (L. Landau, W. Baade and F. Zwicky), because in the 30’s of past century, nuclear physics as science did not yet exist.
In science and physics analysis, it is important not only to find errors, but also to understand the reasons why theoretical errors occurred.
As we said the theory of gravitational collapse and neutron stars have been developed at the beginning of past century by scientists with great names, and whose opinion, even today, is equivalent to the absolute truth.
Why these scientists made mistakes?
-First, it was not enough data to conduct an objective analysis.
-Secondly, there were no instruments and apparatus for obtaining the necessary data.
-Third, nuclear physics did not exist; these scientists were unfamiliar to the laws of nuclear physics. Consequently, scientists could rely only on the laws of gravity and thermodynamics.
-Fourth, the visibility of processes was similar to the gravitational contraction.
Why are these theories still being used?
The answer to this question must be sought in sections of psychology and ideology.
Shall we return to medium-mass stars
In these stars, the number of acts of synthesis of light kernels per unit time is more numerous than in low-mass stars. Consequently, the power of the allocated energy of star of medium and heavy mass, as a nuclear reactor, higher than the power of the allocated energy of star of low mass. The speed of heavy and extra heavy kernels increases with the increasing mass of the star. We have discussed this problem in the chapter «Physical basis of analytical Astrophysics» in the «spherical shape of stars» chapter. At the kernel of the star in the «white dwarf», atoms of heavy and extra-heavy elements are being collected. During its lifetime the number of atoms of these elements is stored and collected until it reaches the «critical mass». But the star does not explode, because under the influence of the synthesis inside the star, that put force to its compression, including compression of its kernel – the «white dwarf». Perhaps the compression forces formed during the synthesis in the upper layers prevent an explosion of its kernel. At the end of the life of the compression forces are reduced, gas-plasma mix expands and breaks the «active zone», the star goes into a «red giant» state. Synthesis is dying in the «red giant», the compression forces are reduced. The gas-plasma mix around the white dwarf is cooling down, the pressure drops and a vacuum is being created. At this time there is a process of absorption of gas and dust from outer space in the volume, where there is a vacuum created with a «white dwarf» in the center. At the same time in the «white dwarf» reaction decay begins, decomposing heavy and extra heavy kernels and fission of transuranic elements with neutrons. With all the nuclear reactions in the «white dwarf», in the stars of medium mass, the fission of transuranic elements with neutrons becomes a chain reaction, since the mass of heavy atoms can share neutrons above the critical mass. If the mass is critical, than the chain reaction after its beginning fades soon, because the amount of transuranic kernels decreases in their division and their mass is less critical, the explosion will not occur.
The power of gas Suction from outer space can reach values sufficient for the resumption of synthesis around the «white dwarf». The star surrounded by the heliosphere, is the volume around the star, filled with hot, diluted gas (relatively to the gas space) created by stellar winds. The average radius of the heliosphere of the Sun is 15 billion kilometers. If we eliminate the influence of solar wind and the atmosphere of the Sun, leaving only the kernel of the star, the gas from outer space will be absorbed and move with an acceleration to the kernel of the former star. Perhaps, the formation of «accretion disk» of gas and particle acceleration up to speeds is necessary to initiate synthesis. Star, freed from the old waste shell, takes a fresh portion of cosmic gas and «reborn».
In the case when there is a simultaneous absorption of gas and dust from space, and the synthesis chain reaction in the «white dwarf», the further development can only depend on the speed and power of these two processes. If the rate of absorption is faster, resumption of nuclear fusion around the «white dwarf» is possible.